Harapko T. V.

MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF COMPONENTS OF TISSUES AND ORGANS IN OBESITY


About the author:

Harapko T. V.

Heading:

LITERATURE REVIEWS

Type of article:

Scentific article

Annotation:

The artcle presents an analysis of modern scientfc literature on changes in organs and tssues in obesity. Obesity increases the likelihood of multple organ diseases and complicatons, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, stroke, gallbladder disease, osteoarthrits, psychosocial problems and some types of cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The adipose tssue, as an endocrine organ, which forms about 50 biologically actve substances is considered. The most important role in these disorders is played by the white adipose tssue. The main structural unit of adipose tssue is highly specialized cells – adipocytes. The influence of adipocytokines on various tssues of an organism is described. Adipose tssue is a complex organ that comprises a wide range of cell types with diverse energy storage, metabolic regulaton, and neuroendocrine and immune functons. Because it contains various immune cells, either adaptve or innate. Obesity is a proinflammatory conditon in which hypertrophied adipocytes and adipose tssue-resident immune cells (primarily lymphocytes and macrophages) both contribute to increased circulatng levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Leptn was one of the frst proteins shown to be secreted from adipose tssue. Leptn has proinflammatory functons: it stmulates T-cell proliferatve responses, polarized naïve CD4+ T-cell proliferaton towards the Th1 phenotype, promotes a marked increase in Th1-type cytokine producton, induces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages and monocytes, and acts directly on hepatocytes to promote C-reactve protein expression. Leptn can induce chemotaxis of neutrophils, is involved in the development and maintenance of a functonal NK (natural killer) pool, and induces the producton of IL-6 and TNF-α from macrophages. High concentratons of free faty acids suppress hepatocyte susceptbility to insulin, leading to hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, which, in turn, causes a violaton of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as a factor in the development of arterial hypertension. During obesity in the spleen there was a signifcant expansion of venous sinuses (sinusoids), macrophages, flled with drops of hemosiderin, were found on some sectons, especially around small vessels, eosinophilic aggregatons and accumulaton of lipids in the extended sinusoid were revealed. When hyoid type of obesity more ofen than at abdominal in patents there is an increase in pancreas or part of it, increase echogenicity of the gland, expansion of the duct of the pancreas, the formaton of pseudocyst. With an abdominal type of obesity, calcifcaton of the parenchyma of the pancreas is more ofen observed, and its tssues are heavier, including those with signs of fbrosis. Thus, adipose tssue is a complex endocrine organ, the effect of which on organs and tssues is weighty and diverse, increasing the likelihood of multple diseases. The study of the dynamics of changes in the structural organizaton of organs and tssues, as well as the possible methods for their correcton, remain relevant and important for both theoretcal and practcal medicine.

Tags:

obesity, adipocytes, leptn, lymphocytes, spleen

Bibliography:

 

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Publication of the article:

«Bulletin of problems biology and medicine» Issue 1 Part 2 (143), 2018 year, 12-16 pages, index UDK 616-056.52:611.41/.42:576.344

DOI: