PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE OPTIC NERVE IN HYPERTENCIVE DISEASE

Pera-Vasylchenko A. V., Ryadnova V. V., Voskresenska L. K., Bezkorovinaya I. M.

MORPHOLOGY

Scentific article

Hypertensive disease is a chronic disease which clinical signs are sustained increase of blood pressure. The main pathogenetic mechanism of arterial hypertension is change in the relationship between the volume of circulating blood and general arterial resistance. Hypertensive disease clinically has benign and malignant course. With benign hypertension there is a gradual development of episodes of short-term increase in blood pressure, then its steady increase, characterized by morphological changes in the vessels during the first and second stages of the disease. And in the third stage there are secondary changes in various organs in connection with the development in arterioles and arteries of sclerotic processes. It should be noted that during the benign course of hypertension in each of its stages there may be episodes of exacerbation with a sharp increase in blood pressure, which characterizes the malignant nature of the disease. The last are morphologically characterized by destructive lesions of arterioles in the form of plasmoragiosis and mucoid swelling of the vascular wall. Consequently, destructive changes in arterioles have a mosaic character. In this case, in some arteries simultaneously compensatory changes are determined, due to which the adaptation of vessels and surrounding tissues to the elevated blood pressure occurs. That is why the morphological changes of small arteries and arterioles with hypertension are manifested in two forms: hyalinism and hyperplastic arteriosclerosis. It should be noted that if morphological changes in the arterioles of the retina, as clinically and morphologically, are sufficiently described in the literature, then the morphological changes in the vessels accompanying the optic nerve are insufficiently described. The purpose of the work was to study morphogenesis and histopography of pathological changes in the optic nerve in patients with hypertension. The histological preparation material of the optic nerve was taking from healthy people (died as a result of autotrauma) and patients with hypertonic disease (died as a result of complications) was studied. Conclusions. The development of destructive processes in the optic nerve is associated with both plasmorrhagia and the gyalinosis of septal arterioles. At the same time, in these vessels, the formation of the wall or flat microtubes are noted. It is due to the presence of blood clots that develop ischemia in adjacent arterioles in the areas of the optic nerve. At the same time, on the transverse section of the optic nerve in areas of ischemic damage to the nerve fibers, granular cells are constantly found in the form of layers. The second pathogenetic factor of local circulatory disorders in the microcirculatory channel of the optic nerve is associated with increased vascular permeability, due to the presence of proteolytic enzymes in the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells. Precisely because of the presence of the latter increases the permeability of arterioles and capillaries. This is accompanied by diapedeous hemorrhages in the optic nerve tissue, which are caused by minor changes in the arterioles and capillaries.

hypertonic wellness, optic nerve, arteries, arterioles

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«Bulletin of problems biology and medicine» Issue 3 (145), 2018 year, 314-317 pages, index UDK 616.12-008:611.81

10.29254/2077-4214-2018-3-145-314-317