INFLUENCE OF CADMIUM AND LEAD COMPOUNDS ON MORPHOGENESIS OF INTERNAL ORGANS IN ONTOGENESIS

Nefodova O. O., Zadesenets I. P., Galperin A. I.

LITERATURE REVIEWS

Scentific article

To date, leading experts in the field of microelementology recognize that in the 21st century there are a number of environmental problems, the solution of which at the existing level can not be considered optimal. In relation with further development of industry, factors, that enter the body in large quantities and disrupt the metabolism, are introduced into biological systems. This leads to a decrease in resistance. At all stages of passage through the body, substances undergo chemical transformations, and their toxicity at each stage can vary. Despite the successes achieved in the strive against the occurrence of microelementoses, the incidence rate in the world remains high. Along with the discovery of a number of previously known antagonists to toxic microelements of the environment, an increase in the role and specific gravity of the studied aspects of the negative effects of heavy metal compounds is observed. According to available data, in the process of further development of productive forces, the anthropogenic load on the environment can be doubled every 10-15 years. The study of morphometric parameters of the digestive, genitourinary and cardiovascular systems under conditions of heavy metal poisoning in the dynamics remain unclear. The data on the features of the influence of heavy metal compounds on organisms of different ages, their effect on cellular and tissue levels are contradictory or not available.The aim of the work was analysis of the information from literary scientific data on the influence of heavy metal compounds on the development and morphofunctional state of the organism. Investigations of a number of Ukrainian morphological scientists devoted to the morphogenesis of the effects of the isolated influence of ultra-small doses of lead acetate during the entire period of pregnancy and the combined action of lead acetate with metal citrates on the overall course of embryogenesis and embryonic development of the heart in rats have demonstrated embryotoxic and cardiotoxic effects. The increase in total embryonic mortality (by 2.16 times) with the isolated administration of lead acetate was determined experimentally. With the help of morphometric and microscopic methods of investigation, a spectrum of cardiogenesis disorders corresponding to administration of lead acetate was revealed. It is determined by thinning of the compact ventricle myocardium, thinning of the interventricular septum and a decrease in the thickness of the atrial walls with a delay in the development of trabeculae. Under the influence of lead, disruption of the formation of the valvular apparatus of the heart was also detected. It was manifested in the formation of additional chordae tendinae of the cusps of the atrioventricular valves. By a number of experimental works of modern Ukrainian scientists, such as I.M. Trakhtenberg, D.D. Zerbino, it was shown that lead has a high tropism for the vascular endothelium, causing structural changes in it. These results are due to its direct influence directly on the intracellular ultrastructure. These changes lead to violations of transport, metabolic, synthetic, adhesive functions of cells and contribute to the development of vascular pathology, accompanied by violations of hemorheology and microcirculation. Intraperitoneal administration of cadmium sulfate to pregnant rats of the Wistar line has a pronounced embryolethal effect, while the type of fetal death depends on the exposure time of the toxicant. The embryotoxic effect of cadmium, being manifested in a decrease in the mass and length of the fetuses, occurs when exposure of the toxicant was along the most part of the pregnancy (from 1 to 16 days). A comparative analysis of the mass indexes of the fetal and extra-embryonic organs during cadmium sulfate administration at different periods of embryogenesis showed that the early postimplantation period is the most sensitive to cadmium exposure. The analysis of the data of the world scientific medical and biological literature has shown that the question of ingestion of heavy metal compounds into the body, their influence on the organ systems and the course of embryogenesis, elimination and searching for possible antagonists of their effect is an actual task of modern morphological and medical research. In recent years, almost no experimental work has been carried out to find new bioantagonists for lead and cadmium compounds. The branch of morphology for determination of the effect of cadmium and lead compounds of various concentrations on embryogenesis and organogenesis is scantily studied. Thus, the investigation of the effect of heavy metals on the state of organs and systems of organs of experimental animals of different ages is an actual problem for morphological studies.

cadmium effect, lead acetate, embryogenesis, morphogenesis, bioantogonism

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«Bulletin of problems biology and medicine» Issue 4 Part 3 (141), 2017 year, 61-66 pages, index UDK 611.61.013-611.068: 57.042

10.29254/2077–4214–2017–4–3–141–61-66