The Effect of an Unbalanced Diet with High Content of Carbohydrates and Fats on Morphology and Function of the Pancreas in Pregnant Rats and their Offspring

Nikolayeva O., Kovaltsova M., Tatarko S., Lytvynenko E.

MORPHOLOGY

Scentific article

An actual problem of modern medicine is the pathology of the pancreas. Pancreatic diseases are much more common than diagnosed. The effect of exogenous pathogenic factors on the development of pan-creatic dysfunction is not sufficiently investigated. The aim of the study was to investigate the morphological and functional characteristics of the pancreas in rats and their offspring under the influence of nutritional factors on the system of the mother-fetus. Before pregnancy and during pregnancy the female rats were fed with an increased amount of carbohydrates. The control group of animals was kept in standard vivarium conditions with normal bal-anced diet. Morphological processing included a set of histological and histochemical methods. Assessment of the secretory activity of the pancreas and hormones- substratum relationships examined using biochemical method. The experiments were carried out in compliance with the ethical principles of treating animals. In the pancreas of pregnant rats treated with hypercaloric diet and their offspring, morphological changes were revealed. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of exocrine cells and endocrine cells, the appearance of small islets of Langerhans, moderate morphofunctional activity in a group of exocrine cells and endocrine cells represent compensatory-adaptive reac-tion. Strengthening dystrophic and sclerotic processes, as well as apoptosis in exocrine cells and endocrine cells, indicates the beginning of cells exhaustion after functional overstrain of the pancreas due to prolonged alimentary hyperglycemia. Just occurred moderately severe inflammatory infiltration with lymphocytes, plasma cells with a significant amount of admixture of neutrophils in the course of connective tissue layers. At the same time, an in-crease of levels of lipase and α-amylase and decrease of α -antitrypsin in the blood were marked, which indicates hyperpancreatism. Hyperenzymemia on a background of the marked morphological changes of the pancreas was caused by hyperactivity of intact exocrine cells. Also, high level of insulin combined with hypercorticosteronemia (in rats) and hypocorticosteronemia (in some offspring) was revealed, which probably has a compensatory charac-ter and causes the activation of catabolic processes. This is evidenced by hyperglycemia, mild hypoproteinemia, insignificant increased level of fatty acids and significant increased level of ketone bodies. Thus consumption of excessive carbohydrates and fats in the diet of pregnant rats leads to compensatory hypertrophy of β-cells in the pancreas and determines their compensatory hyperfunction with overproduction of insulin. Hyperinsulinemia stim-ulates an increase in the level of corticosterone and associated hyperglycemia. Under such conditions, hyperinsu-linemia is secondary and has an adaptive value in reducing the level of glycemia. The combination of hyperglycemia with hyperinsulinemia indicates the development of insulin resistance in insulin-dependent tissues. The argument in favor of such an interpretation of the data is the high level of fatty acids in the blood and an increase in the amount of ketone bodies, reflecting the intracellular glucose deficiency and related metabolic disorders in the mitochondria of free fatty acids through β-oxidation and metabolism disorders of acetyl-CoA in the Krebs cycle. Symptoms of morphofunctional disorders are obvious even in the pancreas of newborn rats (and they are similar to those of their mothers); and, as the animals grow, they aggravate despite normal diet. The results of the study indicate that the hypercaloric diet of pregnant rats with a high content of carbohydrates and fats is a significant risk factor for devel-opment of chronic pancreatic insufficiency and diabetes not only in rats, but also in their offspring.

hypercaloric diet, morphology and function of the pancreas, pregnant rats and their offspring

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