IMPACT OF MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY ON THE FORMATION OF OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME IN CHILDREN (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Fastovets M. M., Нasiuk N. I., Kaliuzhka O. O., Artiomova N. S., Zhuk L. A.

LITERATURE REVIEWS

Scentific article

Abstract. A sedentary lifestyle, fatty and high-calorie nutrition in recent years have led to a sharp rise in the morbidity of obesity and other components of the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. During the transition to adolescence, excess body weight, formed in childhood, is normalized only in some adolescents. In many adolescents, obesity is complicated by insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia and arterial hypertension. One of the reasons for the start of chronic inappropriate for age pathology is a violation of the micronutrient balance in children. A certain spectrum of pathologies is associated with the deficiency of each micronutrient. The development of insulin resistance and the problem of overweight at any age is associated, first of all, with magnesium deficiency. Magnesium, being one of the most important bioelements, is of particular importance for maintaining metabolic functions of the body and preventing obesity. Magnesium ions are an essential cofactor of numerous enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. Sufficient intake of magnesium from food and magnesium preparations helps to normalize the sensitivity of tissues and cells to insulin, reduce hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, lipid peroxidation and reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome. Magnesium-deficient children and adolescents have a higher body mass index, stress level, and girls are more likely to have menstrual disorders. When diagnosing magnesium deficiency in the body, a simple determination of its level in the blood serum is not always sufficient to diagnose hypomagnesemia. It is necessary to use other indicators of the content of magnesium in the body (levels of magnesium in erythrocytes, lymphocytes, urine, hair, etc.). The problem of magnesium deficiency in children is very difficult to compensate only by consuming certain foods. Even modern plant foods can contain quite different amounts of magnesium, depending on its content in the soil and the methods of growing plants. Even higher consumption of magnesium-enriched foods is not always effective in compensating for magnesium deficiency. High-calorie foods in carbohydrates and fats are practically deprived of magnesium bioavailability. Magnesium deficiency in a diet like this provokes the accumulation of excess visceral fat. The issue of drug compensation of magnesium deficiency in children through the use of drugs based on organic magnesium salts is open.

magnesium deficiency, children, obesity, metabolic syndrome.

1. Hromova OA, Fedotova LЭ, Hryshyna TR. Rol mahnyia v formyrovanyy metabolycheskoho syndroma, korrektsyy yzbыtochnoho vesa y ozhyrenyia u detei y podrostkov. Pedyatryiа. 2014;93(2):51-9. [in Russian].
2. Livingstone B. Epidemiology of childhood obesity in Europe. Eur. J. Pediatr. 2010;159(1):14-34.
3. Diachuk DD, Zabolotna IE, Yashchenko YuB. Ozhyrinnia u ditei: faktory ryzyku ta rekomendatsii z profilaktyky. Sovremennaia pedyatryia. 2017;2(82):42-6. [in Ukrainian].
4. Peterkova VA, Remizov OV. Ozhyrinnia v dytiachomu vitsi. Ozhyrinnia i metabolizm. K: Zdorovia; 2014. 241 s. [in Ukrainian]. 
5. Fastovets MM. Metabolic syndrome in children (literature review). Visnyk problem biologii ta medycyny. 2018;4(133):57-61. 
6. Kravets OB, Samoilova YuH. Klinichni lektsii po dytiachii endokrynolohii. K: Poshuk; 2016. 360 s. [in Ukrainian].
7. Evans SJ. Social workers are weighing in and taking away children from parents who give in to their cravings and feed them too much. Dayly Mail. 2014;15(2):15-6.
8. Soltani N, Keshavarz M, Minaii B. Effects of administration of oral magnesium on plasma glucose and pathological changes in the aorta and pancreas of diabetic rats. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2015;32(8):604-10.
9. Belin RJ, He K. Magnesium physiology and pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to the development of the metabolic syndrome. Magnes Res. 2017;20(2):107-29.
10. Olatunji LA, Soladoye AO. Increased magnesium intake prevents hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance and reduces lipid peroxidation in fructose-fed rats. Pathophysiology. 2007;14(1):11-5.
11. Torshin IYu, Gromova OA. Magnesium and pyridoxine: fundamental studies and clinical practice. USA, NY: Nova Science; 2011. 173 p.
12. Takaya J, Higashino H, Kobayashi Y. Intracellular magnesium and insulin resistance. Magnes Res. 2014;17(2):126-36.
13. Nielsen FH. Dietary fatty acid composition alters magnesium metabolism, distribution, and marginal deficiency response in rats. Magnes Resear. 2019;22(4):28-8.
14. Torshin IYu. Sensing the change from molecular genetics to personalized medicine. USA, NY: Nova Biomedical Books; 2009. 336 p.
15. Gueux E, Rayssiguier Y, Piot MC, Alcindor L. Reduction of plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity by acute magnesium deficiency in the rat. J. Nutr. 2004;114(8):1479-83.
16. Hromova OО, Kalachova AH, Torshyn YIu. Nedostatnist mahniiu – dostovirnyi faktor ryzyku komorbidnykh staniv. K: Farmateka; 2013. 323 s. [in Ukrainian].
17. Kerymkulova NV, Nykyforova NV, Vladymyrova YS. Vlyianye nedyfferentsyrovannoi dysplazyy soedynytelnoi tkany na yskhodu beremennosty y rodov. Kompleksnoe obsledovanye beremennykh s dysplazyei soedynytelnoi tkany s yspolzovanyem metodov yntellektualnoho analyza dannykh. Zemskyi vrach. 2013;19(2):34-8. [in Russian].
18. Hromova OО, Torshyn IIu, Hryshyna TR, Fedotova LIe. Defitsyt mahnyiu yak problema stresa i dezadaptatsii u ditei. K: Farmateka; 2012. 156 s. [in Ukrainian].
19. Torshyn IIu, Hromova OA. Dysplaziia spoluchnoi tkanyny, klitynna biolohiia i molekuliarni mekhanizmy dii mahniiu. K: Farmateka; 2018. 228 s. [in Ukrainian].
20. Ford ES, Li C, McGuire LC. Intake of dietary magnesium and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007;15(5):1139-46.
21. Morales-RuаnMdel C, Villalpando S, Garcia-Guerra A. Iron, zinc, copper and magnesium nutritional status in Mexican children aged 1 to 11 years. Salud. Publica Mex. 2012;54(2):125-34.
22. Celik N, Andiran N, Yilmaz AE. The relationship between serum magnesium levels with childhood obesity and insulin resistance: a review of the literature. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011;24(9-10):675-8.
23. De la Cruz-Gоngora V, Gaona B, Villalpando S. Anemia and iron, zinc, copper and magnesium deficiency in Mexican adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Survey. Salud. Publica Mex. 2012;54(2):135-45.
24. Vanaelst B, Huybrechts I, Michels N. Hair minerals and metabolic health in Belgian elementary school girls. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2013;151(3):335-43.
25. Huerta MG, Roemmich JN, Kington ML, Bovbjerg VE, Weltman AL, Holmes VF, et al. Magnesium deficiency is associated with insulin resistance in obese children. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(5):1175-81.
26. Takaya J, Yamato F, Kuroyanagi Y. Intracellular magnesium of obese and type 2 diabetes mellitus children. Diabetes Ther. 2010;1(1):25-31.
27. Saha H, Harmoinen A, Karvonen AL, Mustonen J, Pasternak A. Serum ionized versus total magnesium in patients with intestinal or liver disease. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2008;36(9):715-8.

«Bulletin of problems biology and medicine» Issue 1 (159), 2021 year, 324-327 pages, index UDK 612.015.3-056.5-053.2

10.29254/2077-4214-2021-1-159-324-327